The archaeological record provides concrete evidence of the brutal practice of crucifixion in ancient times. Two significant finds from the same period illustrate the reality of this form of execution. The first discovery, detailed by Gualdi-Russo et al. in their 2019 study, involves the body of a man buried in northern Italy around 2,000 years ago ([[Gualdi-Russo2019-pq]]). The remains exhibit signs that the individual died after being nailed to a wooden cross, suggesting that crucifixion was practiced beyond the boundaries of Judea. In a similar vein, Tzaferis's 1970 research unveils another instance, focusing on the heel bone of a young male, aged between 20 and 23, found with a nail driven through it, indicative of crucifixion. This finding corroborates the historical narrative that crucifixion was a widespread method of execution during that era ([[Tzaferis1970-tv]]). ![[Crucifixion Victim.webp]] Further adding to this gruesome picture, the Abba Cave discovery, as discussed by Elitzur in 2013 and later by Zondervan and Wright in 2019, reveals the remains of a man who was not only crucified but also beheaded ([[Elitzur2013-ik]], [[Evans2009-ef]]). These people were buried even after the punishment they received from the Romans. These archaeological findings offer a stark reminder of the harsh realities of ancient justice and punishment systems, particularly under Roman rule. They serve as a testament to the suffering endured by countless individuals, including, as historical and religious texts suggest, Jesus Christ himself.